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class X
{
friend istream¡®
operator¡Ö¡Ö( istream¡®, X¡® );
public:
X( int sz = 1024 ) { ptr = new char[ sz ]; }
...
private:
char *ptr;
};
¦Ó¤@Óclass Xªºglobal objectªºÁn©ú¡A¦p¤U±©Ò¥Ü¡G
X buf;
int main()
{
// buf ¥²¶·¦b³oÓ®ÉÔºc³y°_¨Ó
cin ¡Ö¡Ö setw( 1024 ) ¡Ö¡Ö buf;
...
}
C++¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬«OÃÒ¡AX constructor±N¦bmain()¤§«e«K§âbufªì©l¤Æ¡CµM¦Ó¥¦¦}¨S¦³»¡©ú³o¬O¦p¦ó¿ì¨ìªº¡Cµª®×¬O©Ò¿×ªºÀRºAªì©l¤Æ¡]static initialization¡^¡A¹ê»Ú°µªk«h¦³¿à¶}µoÀô¹Ò¹ï¦¹ªº¤ä«ùÄݤ_þ¤@¼h¯Å¡C
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±µ¤U¨Ó¬O´£¨Ñ¤@Ó¡§¥»O¯S©w¡¨¸Ñ¨M¤§¹D¡Gª½±µÅçÃÒ¦}¬ï¶VCOFF-basedµ{§Çªº¥i°õ¦æ¤å¥ó¡]¦¹§Y©Ò¿×ªº patch solution¡^¡A¤£¦A»Ýnnm¡Bcompile¡Brelink¡CCOFF ¬OCommon Object File FormatªºÁY¼g¡A¬OSystem V pre-Release 4 UNIX¨t²Î©Òµo®i¥X¨Óªº®æ¦¡¡C³o¨âºØ¸Ñ¨M¤è®×³£Äݤ_µ{§Ç¼h±¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A°w¹ï¨C¤@Ó»ÝnÀRºAªì©l¤Æªº.c¤å¥ó¡Acfront ·|²£¥Í¥X¤@Ósti¨ç¼Æ¡A°õ¦æ¥²nªºªì©l¤Æ¾Þ§@¡C¤£½×¬Opatch solutionÁÙ¬Omunch solution¡A³£·|¥h´M§ä¥Hsti¶}ÀYªº¨ç¼Æ¡A¦}¥B¦w±Æ¥¦Ì¥H¤@ºØ¥¼³Q©w¸qªº¶¶§Ç°õ¦æ¡]¥Ñ¦w´¡¦bmain()¤§¦Z²Ä¤@¦æªº¤@Ólibrary function _main()°õ¦æ¤§¡^¡]Ķª`¡G¥»®Ñ²Ä6³¹¹ï¦¹¦³¸Ô²Ó»¡©ú¡^¡C
System V COFF-specific C++½sĶ¾¹»Pcfrontªº¦UÓª©¥»¥¦æµo®i¡C¥Ñ¤_ºË·Ç¤F¤@Ó¯S©w¥»O©M¯S©w¾Þ§@¨t²Î¡A¦¹½sĶ¾¹¦]¦Ó¯à°÷¼vÅTÃì±µ¾¹¯S¦a¬°¥¦×§ï¡G²£¥Í¥X¤@Ó·sªº.ini section¡A¥Î¥H¦¬¶°»ÝnÀRºAªì©l¤Æªºobjects¡CÃì±µ¾¹ªº³oºØÂX¥R¤è¦¡¡A´£¨Ñ¤F©Ò¿×ªºenvironment-based solution¡A¨º·íµM§ó¦bprogram-based solution¼h¦¸¤§¤W¡C
¦Ü¦¹¡A¥ô¦ó¥Hcfront program-based solution¬°°ò¦ªº¤@¯ë¤Æ¡]ªx«¬¡^¾Þ§@±N¥O¤H°g´b¡C¬°¤°¤\¡H¦]¬°C++¤w¸g¦¨¬°¥D¬y»y¨¥¡A¥¦¤w¸g±µ¦¬¤F¶V¨Ó¶V¦hªºenvironment-based solutions¡C¥»®Ñ¦p¦óºûÅ@¨ä¶¡ªº¥¿Å©O¡H§Úªºµ¦²¤¦p¤U¡G¦pªG¦b¤£¦PªºC++½sĶ¾¹¤W¦³«¤jªº¹ê²{§Þ³N®t²§¡A§Ú´N¦Ü¤Ö°Q½×¨âºØ°µªk¡C¦ý¦pªG cfront¤§¦Zªº½sĶ¾¹¹ê²{¼Ò«¬¥u¬O¸Ñ¨Mcfront쥻´N¤w²z¸Ñªº°ÝÃD¡A¨Ò¦p¹ïµêÀÀÄ~©Óªº¤ä«ù¡A¨º¤\§Ú´NÄÄz¾ú¥vªººt¤Æ¡C·í§Ú»¡¨ì¡§¶Ç²Î¼Ò«¬¡¨®É¡A§Úªº·N«ä¬OStroustrupªºì©lºc·Q¡]¤Ï¬M¦bcfront¨¤W¡^¡A¥¦´£¨Ñ¤@ºØ¹ê²{¼ÒS¡A¦b¤µ¤Ñ©Ò¦³ªº°Ó·~¤Æ¹ê²{«~¤W¤´µM¥i¨£¡C
¥»®Ñ²Õ´
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2. ´£¨Ñ´ú¸Õ¡A¥H´ú¶q¦UºØ»y¨¥©Ê½èªº¬Û¹ï¦¨¥»¡C
µL½×þ¤@ºØ·N¹Ï¡A³£¥u¬O¬°¤F®i²{¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬¡CÁ|¨Ò¦Ó¨¥¡AÁöµM§Ú¦b®Ñ¤¤¦³¤j¶qªºÁ|¨Ò¡A¦ý§Ú¦}«D«Øij¤@Ó¯u¹êªº3D graphic library¥²¶·¥HµêÀÀÄ~©Óªº¤è¦¡¨Óªí²{¤@Ó3DÂI¡]¤£¹L¡A§A¥i¥H¦b[POKOR94]¤¤µo²{§@ªÌPokornyªº½T¬O³o¤\°µªº¡^¡C
®Ñ¤¤©Ò¦³´ú¸Õµ{§Ç³£¦b¤@³¡SGI Indigo2xL¤W½sĶ°õ¦æ¡A¨Ï¥ÎSGI 5.2 UNIX¾Þ§@¨t²Î¤¤ªºCC©MNCC½sĶ¾¹¡CCC¬Ocfront 3.0.1ª©¡]¥¦·|²£¥Í¥XC¥N½X¡A¦A¥Ñ¤@ÓC½sĶ¾¹«·s½sĶ¬°¥i°õ¦æ¤å¥ó¡^¡CNCC¬OEdison Design GroupªºC++ front-end 2.19ª©¡A¤º§t¤@Ó¥ÑSGI¨ÑÀ³ªºµ{§Ç¥N½X²£¥Í¾¹¡C¦Ü¤_®É¶¡´ú¶q¡A¬Oªö¥ÎUNIXªºtimex©R¥O°w¹ï1 000¸U¦¸¡¥N´ú¸Õ©Ò±oªº¥§¡È¡C
ÁöµM¦bxL¾÷¾¹¤W¨Ï¥Î³o¨âÓ½sĶ¾¹¡A¹ïŪªÌ¦Ó¨¥¥i¯àı±o¦³¨Ç¯«¯µ¡A§Ú«oı±o¹ï¦¹®Ñªº¥Øªº¦Ó¨¥¡A«Ü¦n¡C¤£½×¬Ocfront©Î²{¦bªºEdison Design Group¡¦s C++ front-end¡]BjarneºÙ¨ä¬°¡§cfrontªº¨à¤l¡¨¡^¡A³£»P¥»OµLÃö¡C¥¦Ì¬O¤@ºØ¤@¯ë¤Æªº½sĶ¾¹¡A³Q±ÂÅvµ¹34®a¥H¤Wªºpºâ¾÷¨î³y°Ó¡]¨ä¤¤¥]¬AGray¡BSGI¡BIntel¡^©M³n¥ó¶}µoÀô¹Ò¼t°Ó¡]¥]¬ACenterline©MNovell¡A¦ZªÌ¬Oì¥ýªºUNIX³n¥ó¹êÅç«Ç¡^¡C®Ä²vªº´ú¶q¦}«D¬°¤F¹ï¥Ø«e¥«±¤Wªº¦U®a½sĶ¨t²Î°µµû¤ñ¡A¦Ó¥u¬O¬°¤F´£¨ÑC++¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬¤§¦UºØ¯S©Êªº¤@Ӭ۹令¥»´ú¶q¡C¦Ü¤_°Ó·~µû¤ñªº®Ä²v¼Æ¾Ú¡A§A¥i¥H¦b´X¥G¥ô¦ó¤@¥»pºâ¾÷Âø§Óªºpºâ¾÷²£«~ÀËÅç³ø§i¤¤Àò±o¡C
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ª`·N¡G³\¦hC++ Report¤å³¹¤w³QC++ Gems¦¬¿ý¡A¦}¥ÑStanley Lippman½s¿è§¹¦¨¡A°Ñ¨£SIGS Books¡ANew York¡ANY¡]1996¡^¡C
[BALL92] Ball, Michael, "Inside Templates", C++ Report (September 1992)
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[BALL93b] Ball, Michael, "Implementing Class Templates", C++ Report (September 1993)
[BOOCH93] Booch, Grady and Michael Vilot, "Simplifying the Booch Components", C++ Report (June 1993)
[BORL91] Borland Language Open Architecture Handbook, Borland International Inc., Scotts Valley, CA
[BOX95] Box, Don, "Building C++ Components Using OLE2", C++ Report (March/April 1995)
[BUDD91] Budd, Timothy, An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA(1991)
[BUDGE92] Budge, Kent G., James S. Peery, and Allen C. Robinson, "High Performance Scientific Computing Using C++", Usenix C++ Conference Proceedings, Portland, OR(1992)
[BUDGE94] Budge, Kent G., James S. Peery, Allen C. Robinson, and Michael K. Wong, "Management of Class Temporaries in C++ Translation Systems", The Journal of C Language Translation (December 1994)
[CARGILL95] Cargill, Tom, "STL Caveats, " C++Report (July/August 1993)
[CARROLL93] Carroll, Martin, "Design of the USL Standard Components", C++ Report (June 1993)
[CARROLL95] Carroll, Martin, and Margaret A. Ellis, "Designing and Coding Reusable C++, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA(1995)
[CHASE94] Chase, David, "Implementation of Exception Handling, Part 1", The Journal of C Language Translation (June 1994)
[CLAM93a] Clamage, Stephen D., "Implementing New ¡® Delete", C++ Report (May 1993)
[CLAM93b] Clamage, Stephen D., "Beginnings ¡® Endings", C++ Report (September 1993)
[ELLIS90] Ellis, Margaret A. and Bjarne Stroustrup, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA(1990)
[GOLD94] Goldstein, Theodore C. and Alan D. Sloane, "The Object Binary Interface - C++ Objects for Evolvable Shared Class Libraries", Usenix C++ Conference Proceedings, Cambridge, MA(1994)
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[HORST95] Horstmann, Cay S., "C++ Compiler Shootout", C++ Report (July/August 1995)
[KOENIG90a] Koenig, Andrew and Stanley Lippman, "Optimizing Virtual Tables in C++ Release 2.0", C++ Report (March 1990)
[KOENIG90b] Koenig, Andrew and Bjarne Stroustrup, "Exception Handling for C++ (Revised)", Usenix C++ Conference Proceedings (April 1990)
[KOENIG93] Koenig, Andrew, "Combining C and C++", C++ Report (July/August 1993)
[ISO-C++95] C++ International Standard, Draft (April 28, 1995)
[LAJOIE94a] Lajoie, Josee, "Exception Handling: Supporting the Runtime Mechanism", C++ Report (March/April 1994)
[LAJOIE94b] Lajoie, Josee, "Exception Handling: Behind the Scenes", C++ Report (June 1994)
[LENKOV92] Lenkov, Dmitry, Don Cameron, Paul Faust, and Michey Mehta, "A Portable Implementation of C++ Exception Handling", Usenix C++ Conference Proceeding, Portland, OR(1992)
[LEA93] Lea, Doug, "The GNU C++ Library", C++ Report (June 1993)
[LIPP88] Lippman, Stanley and Bjarne Stroustrup, "Pointers to Class Members in C++", Implementor¡¦s Workshop, Usenix C++ Conference Proceedings (October 1988)
[LIPP91a] Lippman, Stanley, "Touring Cfront", C++ Journal, Vol.1, No.3 (1991)
[LIPP91b] Lippman, Stanley, "Touring Cfront: From Minutiae to Migraine", C++ Journal, Vol.1, No.4 (1991)
[LIPP91c] Lippman, Stanley, C++ Primer, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA(1991)
[LIPP94a] Lippman, Stanley, "Default Constructor Synthesis", C++ Report (January 1994)
[LIPP94b] Lippman, Stanley, "Applying The Copy Constructor, Part1: Synthesis", C++ Report (February 1994)
[LIPP94c] Lippman, Stanley, "Applying The Copy Constructor, Part2", C++ Report (March/April 1994)
[LIPP94d] Lippman, Stanley, "Objects and Datum", C++ Report (June 1994)
[METAW94] MetaWare High C/C++ Language Reference Manual, Metaware Inc., Santa Crus, CA(1994)
[MACRO92] Jones, David and Martin J. O¡¦Riordan, The Microsoft Object Mapping, Microsoft Corporation, 1992
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[NACK94] Nackman, Lee R., and John J. Barton Scientific and Engineering C++, An Introduction with Advanced Techniques and Examples, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA(1994)
[PALAY92] Palay, Andrew J., "C++ in a Changing Environment", Usenix C++ Conference Proceedings, Portland, OR(1992)
[POKOR94] Pokorny, Cornel, Computer Graphics, Franklin, Beedle ¡® Associates, Inc. (1994)
[PUGH90] Pugh, William and Grant Weddell, "Two-directional Record Layout for Multiple Inheritance", ACM SIGPLAN ¡¦90 Conference, White Plains, New York(1990)
[SCHMIDT94a] Schmidt, Douglas C., "A Domain Analysis of Network Daemon Design Dimensions", C++ Report (March/April 1994)
[SCHMIDT94b] Schmidt, Douglas C., "A Case Study of C++ Design Evolution", C++ Report (July/August 1994)
[SCHWARZ89] Schwarz, Jerry, "Initializing Static Variables in C++ Libraries", C++ Report (February 1989)
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[YOUNG95] Young, Douglas, Object-Oriented Programming with C++ and OSF/Motif, 2d ed., Prentice-Hall(1995) |
¤º®e²¤¶¡G§@ªÌLippman°Ñ»P³]p¤F¥þ¥@¬É²Ä¤@®MC++½sĶµ{§Çcfront¡A³o¥»®Ñ´N¬O¤@¦ì°¶¤jªºC++½sĶµ{§Ç³]pªÌ¦V§AÄÄz¥L¦p¦ó³B²z¦UºØexplicit¡]©ú½T¥X²{¤_C++µ{§Ç¥N½X¤¤¡^©Mimplicit¡]ÁôÂä_µ{§Ç¥N½XI¦Z¡^ªºC++»y·N¡C
¥»®Ñ±Mª`¤_C++±¦V¹ï¶Hµ{§Ç³]pªº©³¼h¾÷¨î¡A¥]¬Aµ²ºc¦¡»y·N¡BÁ{®É©Ê¹ï¶Hªº¥Í¦¨¡B«Ê¸Ë¡BÄ~©Ó¡A¥H¤ÎµêÀÀ¡X¡XµêÀÀ¨ç¼Æ©MµêÀÀÄ~©Ó¡C³o¥»®ÑÅý§Aª¾¹D¡G¤@¥¹§A¯à°÷¤F¸Ñ©³¼h¹ê²{¼Ò«¬¡A§Aªºµ{§Ç¥N½X±NÀò±o¦h¤\¤jªº®Ä²v¡CLippman¼á²M¤F¨º¨ÇÃö¤_C++ÃB¥~t²ü»P´_Âø«×ªº¦UºØ¿ù»~«H®§©M°g«ä¡A¦ý¤]«ü¥X¨ä¤¤¬Y¨Ç¦¨¥»©M§Q¯q¥æ´«½T¹ê¦s¦b¡C¥LÄÄz¤F¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº¹ê²{¼Ò«¬¡A«ü¥X¥¦Ìªº¶i¤Æ¤§¹D¤Î¨ä¥»½è¦]¯À¡C®Ñ¤¤²[»\¤FC++¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬ªº»y·N·t¥Ü¡A¦}«ü¥X³oÓ¼Ò«¬¬O¦p¦ó¼vÅT§Aªºµ{§Çªº¡C
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²Ä1³¹ Ãö¤_¹ï¶H¡]Object Lessons¡^ 1
¥[¤W«Ê¸Ë¦Zªº¥¬§½¦¨¥»¡]Layout Costs for Adding Encapsulation¡^ 5
1.1¡@C++¹ï¶H¼Ò¦¡¡]The C++ Object Model¡^ 6
²³æ¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬¡]A Simple Object Model¡^ 7
ªí®æÅX°Ê¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬¡]A Table-driven Object Model¡^ 8
C++¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬¡]The C++ Object Model¡^ 9
¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬¦p¦ó¼vÅTµ{§Ç¡]How the Object Model Effects Programs¡^ 13
1.2 ÃöÁäµü©Ò±a¨Óªº®t²§¡]A Keyword Distinction¡^ 15
ÃöÁäµüªº§xÂZ 16
µ¦²¤©Ê¥¿½Tªºstruct¡]The Politically Correct Struct¡^ 19
1.3 ¹ï¶Hªº®t²§¡]An Object Distinction¡^ 22
«ü°wªºÃþ«¬¡]The Type of a Pointer¡^ 28
¥[¤W¦hºA¤§¦Z¡]Adding Polymorphism¡^ 29
²Ä2³¹ ºc³y¨ç¼Æ»y·N¾Ç¡]The Semantics of Constructors¡^ 37
2.1 Default Constructorªººc³y¾Þ§@ 39
¡§±a¦³Default Constructor¡¨ªºMember Class Object 41
¡§±a¦³Default Constructor¡¨ªºBase Class 44
¡§±a¦³¤@ÓVirtual Function¡¨ªºClass 44
¡§±a¦³¤@ÓVirtual Base Class¡¨ªºClass 46
Á`µ² 47
2.2 Copy Constructorªººc³y¾Þ§@ 48
Default Memberwise Initialization 49
Bitwise Copy Semantics¡]¦ì³v¦¸«þ¨©¡^ 51
¤£nBitwise Copy Semantics¡I 53
«·s³]©wVirtual Tableªº«ü°w 54
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2.3 µ{§ÇÂà¤Æ»y·N¾Ç¡]Program Transformation Semantics¡^ 60
Å㦡ªºªì©l¤Æ¾Þ§@¡]Explicit Initialization¡^ 61
°Ñ¼Æªºªì©l¤Æ¡]Argument Initialization¡^ 62
ªð¦^Ȫºªì©l¤Æ¡]Return Value Initialization¡^ 63
¦b¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼h±°µÀu¤Æ¡]Optimization at the User Level¡^ 65
¦b½sĶ¾¹¼h±°µÀu¤Æ¡]Optimization at the Compiler Level¡^ 66
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2.4 ¦¨û̪ºªì©l¤Æ¶¤¥î¡]Member Initialization List¡^ 74
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3.1 Data Memberªº¸j©w¡]The Binding of a Data Member¡^ 88
3.2 Data Memberªº¥¬§½¡]Data Member Layout¡^ 92
3.3 Data Memberªº¦s¨ú 94
Static Data Members 95
Nonstatic Data Members 97
3.4 ¡§Ä~©Ó¡¨»PData Member 99
¥unÄ~©Ó¤£n¦hºA¡]Inheritance without Polymorphism¡^ 100
¥[¤W¦hºA¡]Adding Polymorphism¡^ 107
¦h«Ä~©Ó¡]Multiple Inheritance¡^ 112
µêÀÀÄ~©Ó¡]Virtual Inheritance¡^ 116
3.5 ¹ï¶H¦¨ûªº®Ä²v¡]Object Member Efficiency¡^ 124
3.6 «ü¦VData Membersªº«ü°w¡]Pointer to Data Members¡^ 129
¡§«ü¦VMembersªº«ü°w¡¨ªº®Ä²v°ÝÃD 134
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4.1 Memberªº¦UºØ½Õ¥Î¤è¦¡ 140
Nonstatic Member Functions¡]«DÀRºA¦¨û¨ç¼Æ¡^ 141
Virtual Member Functions¡]µêÀÀ¦¨û¨ç¼Æ¡^ 147
Static Member Functions¡]ÀRºA¦¨û¨ç¼Æ¡^ 148
4.2 Virtual Member Functions¡]µêÀÀ¦¨û¨ç¼Æ¡^ 152
¦h«Ä~©Ó¤UªºVirtual Functions 159
µêÀÀÄ~©Ó¤UªºVirtual Functions 168
4.3 ¨ç¼Æªº®Ä¯à 170
4.4 «ü¦VMember Functionªº«ü°w¡]Pointer-to-Member Functions¡^ 174
¤ä«ù¡§«ü¦VVirtual Member Functions¡¨ªº«ü°w 176
¦b¦h«Ä~©Ó¤§¤U¡A«ü¦VMember Functionsªº«ü°w 178
¡§«ü¦VMember Functions¤§«ü°w¡¨ªº®Ä²v 180
4.5 Inline Functions 182
§Î¦¡°Ñ¼Æ¡]Formal Arguments¡^ 185
§½³¡Åܶq¡]Local Variables¡^ 186
²Ä5³¹ ºc³y¡BªRºc¡B«þ¨©»y·N¾Ç¡]Semantics of Construction,
Destruction, and Copy¡^ 191
¯Âµê¨ç¼Æªº¦s¦b¡]Presence of a Pure Virtual Function¡^ 193
µêÀÀ³W®æªº¦s¦b¡]Presence of a Virtual Specification¡^ 194
µêÀÀ³W®æ¤¤constªº¦s¦b 195
«·s¦Ò¼{classªºÁn©ú 195
5.1 ¡§µLÄ~©Ó¡¨±¡ªp¤Uªº¹ï¶Hºc³y 196
©â¶H¼Æ¾ÚÃþ«¬¡]Abstract Data Type¡^ 198
¬°Ä~©Ó°µ·Ç³Æ 202
5.2 Ä~©ÓÅé¨t¤Uªº¹ï¶Hºc³y 206
µêÀÀÄ~©Ó¡]Virtual Inheritance¡^ 210
vptrªì©l¤Æ»y·N¾Ç¡]The Semantics of the vptr Initialization¡^ 213
5.3 ¹ï¶H´_¨î»y·N¾Ç¡]Object Copy Semantics¡^ 219
5.4 ¹ï¶Hªº®Ä¯à¡]Object Efficiency¡^ 225
5.5 ªRºc»y·N¾Ç¡]Semantics of Destruction¡^ 231
²Ä6³¹ °õ¦æ´Á»y·N¾Ç¡]Runtime Semantics¡^ 237
6.1 ¹ï¶Hªººc³y©MªRºc¡]Object Construction and Destruction¡^ 240
¥þ§½¹ï¶H¡]Global Objects¡^ 242
§½³¡ÀRºA¹ï¶H¡]Local Static Objects¡^ 247
¹ï¶H¼Æ²Õ¡]Array of Objects¡^ 250
Default Constructors©M¼Æ²Õ 252
6.2 new©Mdelete¹Bºâ²Å 254
°w¹ï¼Æ²Õªºnew»y·N 257
Placement Operator newªº»y·N 263
6.3 Á{®É©Ê¹ï¶H¡]Temporary Objects¡^ 267
Á{®É©Ê¹ï¶Hªº°g«ä¡]¯«¸Ü¡B¶Ç»¡¡^ 275
²Ä7³¹ ¯¸¦b¹ï¶H¼Ò«¬ªº¦yºÝ¡]On the Cusp of the Object Model¡^ 279
7.1 Template 280
Templateªº¡§¹ê¨Ò¤Æ¡¨¦æ¬°¡]Template Instantiation¡^ 281
Templateªº¿ù»~³ø§i¡]Error Reporting within a Template¡^ 285
Template¤¤ªº¦WºÙ¨Mijªk¡]Name Resolution within a Template¡^ 289
Member Functionªº¹ê¨Ò¤Æ¦æ¬°¡]Member Function Instantiation¡^ 292
7.2 ²§±`³B²z¡]Exception Handling¡^ 297
Exception Handling§Ö³tÀ˾\ 298
¹ïException Handlingªº¤ä«ù 303
7.3 °õ¦æ´ÁÃþ«¬ÃѧO¡]Runtime Type Identification¡ARTTI¡^ 308
Type-Safe Downcast¡]«OÃÒ¦w¥þªº¦V¤UÂà´«¾Þ§@¡^ 310
Type-Safe Dynamic Cast¡]«OÃÒ¦w¥þªº°ÊºAÂà´«¡^ 311
References¦}¤£¬OPointers 313
Typeid¹Bºâ²Å 314
7.4 ®Ä²v¦³¤F¡A¼u©Ê©O¡H 318
°ÊºA¦@¨É¨ç¼Æ®w¡]Dynamic Shared Libraries¡^ 318
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